Friday, October 03, 2008

Monday, September 15, 2008

Side Effects of Protein Supplements?

I found following stunning article on http://www.mumbaimirror.com/. This article is categorizing energisers, steroids, etc all under the protein supplement title. According to users of protein supplements, if you choose a good protein supplement according to your needs, then you are much better off than trying to get the same protein content through regular food. The regular food with that much protein also gives you a lot of bad fat in your body. IMO, excessive use of anything will get you side effects.

Pump down the Protein

Many believe that energisers, such as protein powders, help build muscles without side effects. However, a magic pill that gives you a body like Arnold Schwarzenegger doesn't exist and it never will!

In his book, Arnold's Body Building for Men, Schwarzenegger writes "People nowadays... tend to go overboard when they discover body building and eat diet consisting of 50 to 70 per cent protein - something I believe to be totally unnecessary. In my formula for basic eating and to get enough protein eat about 1 gm of protein for every 2 pounds of body weight."

The Conservative National Academy of Science USA too says that there is little evidence that muscular activity increases the need for protein.

What's in the market

Ultimate Nutrition, Precision Nutrition, Optimum Nutrition and Experimental are some of the companies that sell protein powders in India.

Ultimate Nutrition is the producer of ANS Mega Amino Mass, which claims to have an "All in one formula." It advertises more muscle size, more strength, more power and faster recovery. It has basic creatin, the side effects of which are water retention, bloating, flatulence, muscular cramps, nausea and effect on the Central Nervous system and kidney damage in the long run.

Optimum Nutrition sells Gold Standard Whey which claims to have 100 per cent whey isolates. It's known to cause cow-milk allergies and can lead to digestive problems such as cramping, flatulence and diarrhoea. Many people have a problem digesting complete whey protein and an overdose can cause weight gain and kidney damage.

Prosoyal, a soya protein, is easily available in medical stores. Soya comes in the Top 10 list of allergy causing foods and excess of it interferes with oestrogen levels and can cause breast cancer. Any protein powder, taken in excess, causes uric acid and leads to gout.

According to medical journals, side-effects of excessive protein include fatigue, irritability, nausea, constipation, headaches, dizziness, hair loss, dry skin and bad breath. People have also been known to suffer kidney damage and develop gall stones. Excess protein leaches calcium, leading to osteoporosis.

How much do i need?

According to the American Journal of Clinical nutrition, you need a minimum of 2.5 per cent of your daily calories in protein. WHO advises 4.5 percent, The Food and Nutrition Board 6.5 percent and the Natural Research Council of USA a highest of 8 per cent.

Moreover, excess protein is stored as fat. A high protein diet leads to breast, prostate, pancreas and colon cancer according to the American Institute for Cancer Research. Intact proteins are not easily digested and are therefore not used during or before sports activities.

A report title Rapid Growth Shorter Life, which appeared in the Journal of American Medical Association, aid that high protein diets shorten the life span of humans. This corroborates with World Health statistics that show people on a high protein diet do not live longer than people on a low protein diet.


Source:
http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=39&contentid=200809012008090102534478c8d419c6&pageno=1

Thursday, August 14, 2008

Why Do Muscles Grow?

Muscle Growth is based on "overcompensation" concept, where you overcome a real/imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite. When you have a cut, your body repairs the cut and overcompensates by leaving a scar.

When muscles undergo intense exercise, there is trauma to the muscle fibers that is referred to as muscle injury or damage in scientific investigations. A biological effort to repair or replace damaged muscle fibers begins and body overcompensates by increasing the cross-sectional diameter of the muscle cell. So more you use your muscles, the stronger they become. And unused muscles do not remain preserved; neglect causes them to waste away, or atrophy. Each muscle cell contains many small bundles of contractile proteins, called myofibrils. When muscles undergo intense exercise, the muscle cells’ myofibrils will increase in thickness and number.

So when we exercise, especially when using weights, we create micro tearsin our muscle tissue. When you take rest, these tissues repair and regenerate themselves. During this repair process muscle cells adapt by becoming bigger to help your body produce more force making your workout easier. So rest at least 24 hours before training the same muscle group. Try not to rest more than 72 hours as the muscles begin to reverse their progress.

Aging also mediates cellular changes in muscle decreasing the actual muscle mass. Happily, the detrimental effects of aging on muscle have been shown be restrained or even reversed with regular resistance exercise. Importantly, resistance exercise also improves the connective tissue harness surrounding muscle, thus being most beneficial for injury prevention and in physical rehabilitation therapy.

Sources:
http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/10dec_muscles.htm
http://www.naturalphysiques.com/faq/407.html
http://lancebreger.blogspot.com/2007/12/pop-quiz-when-do-your-muscles-grow.html

Friday, July 25, 2008

US MBA - One year Vs. Two year, Finance, Reco letters

I have attended informative session conducted by Duke university's Fuqua school of business over the weekend in Pune, India. I got a chance to interact with Alumni and School's Regional Directors for India. Following were the important points which I inferred from that session:

One year Vs. Two year MBA :
If you are looking for the career switch then you should better be looking for 2 year MBA program. For example, if you want to switch your career from Software Engineer to Market Analyst then you need to significant amount of time in business school to learn all the concepts of the area you want to be in after the MBA. Two year programs usually have an internship where the actual career switch might happens. In second year of MBA, you will have internship where you put the concepts which you have learnt into application. In many cases, you may be getting an offer from the company where you did your internship. If you want to enhance your current profile then one year MBA may be the good option. In case you want to be in the same career path but looking for improvements then programs like One year MBA, Executive MBA, etc seems to be the better option. Of course, this my personal opinion.

Financing your MBA:
Two year MBA in a decent college may cost you around $90,000. If you got into good university, you are not required to worry about these expenses as you can easily get the loan. Most of the universities have contacts with the banks and you can get the loan as soon as you reach the campus. For the amount of $900000, you may required to pay an approximate EMI of $550 for 20 years. In your I-20, you can just mention that you will be taking loan to finance your MBA. If you get a cosigner who is US citizen or permanent resident then you can get the loan for cheaper interest rates.

Recommendation Letters:
You are required to submit two recommendation letters from your profession. One of them should be from your immediate supervisor/manger. If you can not get reco from your immediate manger for the reasons like current job security, company not encouraging higher education, etc. then you need to give proper justification for the same. In case you want to submit more than two recommendation letters then you should check if it's really adding a value. I got the positive answer for my question - Can I submit reco letter (in-addition to two recos from my profession) from my professor for the Teaching Assistant-ship which I have done during the MTech.

Miscellaneous:
University may ask you to take TOEFL exam to evaluate your interpersonal skills, language skills, etc. You may be called for an interview to test the same. If you have multiple GMAT scores then you need to mention which one you want the university to consider.

Tuesday, July 08, 2008

What is First name, last name and mother's maiden name ?

I have seen people getting confused about naming conventions in applications, etc. Here is brief discussion about standard naming convention...

Last name indicates the family to which the person belongs, also called as family name. Depending on the culture, family name may appear in last part of a person's name or in first part of the person's name.

First name is a name given to a person, as opposed to an inherited one such as a family name.

Mother's maiden name is family name of the mother prior to her marriage. And "married name" is name after her marriage. Lot of firms use "mother's maiden name" as a kind of password.

Sunday, June 08, 2008

Basic Nutrition Strategies

1. Eat High-Fiber Low-Glycemic Foods

Low-glycemic foods are carbohydrates that breakdown slowly, releasing sugar into the bloodstream gradually rather than all at once. These foods almost always contain fiber. The fiber is what is mostly responsible for slowing the absorption of the sugars. These foods can provide long-lasting energy. Most vegetables (especially dark green), most fruits, whole-grains and nuts are high-fiber, low-glycemic. For optimal health, get your grains intact from foods such as whole wheat (whole-grain) bread, brown rice and other possibly unfamiliar grains like whole oats.

An Indian adult should acquire 1,600 calories a day through his diet while a woman should get at least 1,400 calories. Recommendations say less than 25% of our diet should be fat.
However, when we consume just 10 pieces of chips, we take in 4 grams of fat that translates to 36 calories.


2. Eat More Protein

Your body requires more energy (calories) to process protein than it does carbohydrates. Eating more protein can increase your metabolism, thereby increasing your body's ability to burn fat. Protein is necessary for your body to build muscle, and building more muscle increases your ability to burn fat. Good options include eggs, low-fat or no-fat dairy products, lean meat, poultry, seafood and whey protein supplements. Nuts and legumes are also excellent sources of protein; plus you get the added benefit of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Legumes include black beans, red beans, pinto beans, navy beans, garbanzos, and other beans that are usually sold dried.

3. Eat Frequent Small Meals Throughout The Day

Eat 6 smaller meals per day, rather than 2-3 larger meals. This will ensure that you will supply your body with the necessary nutrients to build muscle and burn fat while increasing your metabolic rate. It will also supply a constant stream of energy to prevent fatiguing early and prevents the body from kicking into starvation mode. If this happens, your body will burn muscle for energy increasing your body fat stores as well as slowing down your metabolism.

4. Eat Balanced Meals

Make sure you cover veggies, milk, smoothies, beans, brown rice, whole-wheat, fruits, nuts, whole-grain cereals, yogurt, etc in your day meals. Balance your meals by making sure that you eat plenty of protein and fiber in each meal.

5. Never skip BREAKFAST

This is the one meal you cannot afford to miss! Jump start your day with a high-fiber, high protein meal containing complex carbohydrates, avoiding simple (sugary) carbohydrates which trigger hunger and sleepiness a few hours later. Choose whole-grain cereals that are loaded with fiber and protein instead of sugar (Oatmeal, etc). Fat-free milk or soy milk and sliced almonds. Smoothies are great for breakfast too!

Metabolism

Metabolism is processes within the body that convert food and other substances into energy and other metabolic byproducts used by the body. The process of metabolism is really a balancing act involving two kinds of activities that go on at the same time — the building up of body tissues and energy stores and the breaking down of body tissues and energy stores to generate more fuel for body functions. Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we're conceived and ends when we die.

Your fast metabolism can quickly slow down with age. Diet can have an extreme impact on your metabolism. Certain foods can either slow down your metabolism and make your body gain weight or it can speed up your metabolism and help you burn calories and fat. Junk food can also slow down your metabolism so if you want to keep your fast metabolism you should start eating healthy. An easy way to do it is to make your own juices and smoothies!!

Exercise has a major effect on your metabolism. The more you move the more your heart has to pump to keep the right nutrients in your muscles. This has a great effect on your body's ability to burn calories (energy metabolism). Any type of exercise effects metabolism in a positive (increasing) fashion.

How can you boost metabolism?

Strength training (otherwise known as resistance training) is another way to boost your metabolism. This can be done with light weights and a high number of repetitions, or a higher intensity lifting with fewer repetitions, both working on large muscle groups. The result will be the same - more muscle mass which translates into a higher metabolism.

Do you put on more weight when you eat late at night?

I read the following on the web. Not sure how much truth is here and what to believe.

Eating food in the hours just before bedtime may need to be avoided. Any calories consumed in the evening will count more. They usually cite the "fact" that a person's metabolism slows down significantly in the evening, or that no one burns calories in the middle of the night. Your metabolism is completely shut down in the midnight. Any fruit contains natural sugar which will not be processed until 7AM at which your biological clock wakes up and starts digesting again.


When we consume fried food late at night, the digestion process takes place constantly within us, seriously affecting our sleep. A person should hit the bed at least three hours after the last meal. Fried food late at night also leads to acidity that again hampers sound sleep and adds to your body weight.


Further info :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism
http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/metabolism.html
http://www.theage.com.au/
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HealthSci/

Gym mistakes you must avoid

Staying fit is the one of the biggest challenge. Researchers consistently recommend that regular physical activity with healthy eating habits is the most efficient way to keep yourself fit and control your body weight.

Weight training is common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.
Weight training tones your muscles which raises your basal metabolism which causes you to burn more calories 24 hours a day. Weight training uses a variety of specialized equipment to target specific muscle groups.

We can use weights typically in two ways:

1. Free Weights (including barbells, dumbbells, and hand weights)
2. Weight Machines

But, weight training carries a certain risks so make sure you follow the things mentioned to below to avoid those risks.

Why stretching in the Gym is important


Before you try any of the gym facilities, you need to warm up. Stretching improves your muscles' range of motion and helps keep them long. During a weight-training session, you should utilize the time between the sets by selective muscular stretching. Although many people regard stretching only as a means to increase flexibility, it can provide muscular benefits when incorporated into your routine. Stretching a "pumped" muscle can actually enhance the quality of your workouts and even help to promote muscular growth. Selective muscular stretching helps to neutralize the effects of lactic acid by restoring blood flow to your working muscles.

warm up and cool down


The purpose of a warm-up is to prepare your muscles for a workout by raising your body temperature slightly and making your muscles more pliable.

Simply walking on the treadmill or doing the cycle at a low to moderate speed for 5-10 minutes ensures a good warm up. Similarly, never forget to cool down after a workout by stretching the various muscles of your body. This will help bring your heart rate and body temperature back to normal.

Wrong postures/ techniques

If you are doing an exercise standing up -- like a bicep curl, for instance -- make sure you stand with your feet apart for better balance. Never lock your joints while performing an exercise.

Too fast or too slow


Whether you are doing a squat or a bench press, make sure you do your exercise at an even pace. You should be lifting and lowering the weight at approximately the same speed throughout the workout. This will ensure you do not get injured and, at the same time, see to it that the tension on the muscle stays constant.

Too intense


Try to mentally rate your exercise on a scale of 0-10 by the end of each set, with 10 being the toughest. If you find that you are rating the intensity at five or six even in the last set for each muscle, you need to up the intensity.

Too long

An ideal workout should last you about 45-50 minutes. If you train beyond this time span, you are either doing more than required or you are wasting too much time in between the workout, which menas you won't get the results you want.

The same old routine

It's a good idea to change your workout routine every six weeks to prevent your muscles from getting used to the exercises. Change the repetitions or weights you lift, do a different set of exercise for each muscle or switch to a different activity. You will be surprised at the change in stamina.

You don’t time your rests between sets

Your recovery time is important when looking at how much you are going to be able to lift later on. ‘Too short a rest and your muscles won’t have recovered; too long and you won’t get the benefit.’ Wear a stopwatch and don’t be intimidated into starting your next set too early.

You only ever use heavy weights to build muscle

When you hit the weights room, you always lift the heaviest weight possible. This may limit your growth because you’ll hit your muscles in a very predictable way, and it’s hard to control large weights precisely. Now and then, go light and do extra reps with a greater range of motion.


References and Further Info:

http://www.maxim.co.uk/fitness/fittips/2218/15_top_gym_mistakes.html
http://www.thestretchinghandbook.com/archives/stretching-gym.php
http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2006/mar/23health.htm
News paper articles

Saturday, June 07, 2008

Types of exercises : anaerobic and aerobic

There are two types of exercises: anaerobic and aerobic.

Anaerobic exercise

The term "anaerobic" means "without air" or "without oxygen."

The term "anaerobic" means "without air" or "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise uses muscles at high intensity and a high rate of work for a short period of time. Anaerobic exercise helps us increase our muscle strength and stay ready for quick bursts of speed. Think of short and fast when you think of anaerobic exercise.

Examples of anaerobic exercise include heavy weight lifting, sprinting, or any rapid burst of hard exercise.

Anaerobic exercise is usually performed at high intensity and can be sustained for periods of time as short as 10 seconds. During a sprint, the muscles need for oxygen cannot be matched by faster breathing and increased pumping by the heart. The muscle then turns to making energy through a non-oxygen dependent mechanism. The by-product of that is called lactic acid. The lactic acid triggers muscle aching and burning. After finishing the run, the lactic acid is slowly converted to a different non-troubling product, as the oxygen debt is paid back. So these anaerobic exercises cannot last long because oxygen is not used for energy and a by-product, called lactic acid, is produced.

Lactic Acid contributes to muscle fatigue and must be burned up by the body during a recovery period before another anaerobic bout of exercise can be attempted. The recovery period also allows the muscles to use oxygen to replenish the energy used during the high intensity exercise.

Aerobic exercise

Lower intensity activities performed for longer periods of time. Activities like walking, jogging, swimming, and cycling require a great deal of oxygen to make the energy needed for prolonged exercise. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises are needed for the development of physical fitness.

Aerobic exercise on the other hand is done at a pace that does not outstrip the muscles ability to get the needed oxygen. Apart from the effects of dehydration, fatigue then is due to a lack of glucose. Many athletes have enough stored glucose (called glycogen) for about one to two hours of exercise. After that, the body simply runs out and they "hit the wall."

With regular aerobic exercise, the muscles and liver will increase their stores of glycogen to meet the new demands. Poor nutrition prevents this from happening and will allow these stores to become drained.

Further info and References :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic

http://www.teengrowth.com/

http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/exercisefitness/exer3098.html


Role of "Lactic Acid" in workout/metabolism

Lactic acid is a chemical structure made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a chain-like form. Lactic acid is produced as a result of hard work by the muscles. What happens is that when your body is working hard, it produces high levels of lactate in the muscles. When you’re running , your body produces so much lactate that it can’t remove it from the muscles quickly enough.

However, while this sounds like a bad thing, it’s actually a sign that your body is finding ways to create energy and ensure that you can keep doing whatever it is that you’re doing.

Why your "muscles" ache after a work out

When the lactate levels get too high, a chemical reaction occurs with other chemicals in the body, creating lactic acid. What you should know is that it is not the rise in lactate levels that leads to that burning feeling in your muscles, but rather it seems that it is the reaction that forms lactic acid that is the cause of the pain. But some scientists are still debating about the pain’s source.
Several theories have been proposed, to explain the delayed muscle soreness. One theory is intensive exercise and lactic acid accumulation. Some evidence disputes the role of lactic acid, in muscle soreness. For example, lactic acid is removed from muscle, within 30 minutes after exercise, but soreness does not appear for at least 24 hours. Also, some exercises, such as those that stretch the hamstring muscle, cause little, or no lactic acid build-up, but result in soreness.

Another theory, is a tissue damage theory. Considerable evidence supports the idea, that exercise damages muscle fibres and /or surrounding connective tissue (micro-tears). The muscle tissue becomes swollen, which stimulates sensitive nerve endings and results in soreness.

Better Muscular Recovery

Contrary to popular belief, muscle tissue is actually broken down-not built up-during anaerobic exercise. When a muscle is subjected to intense stress, tiny micro tears develop in its fibers. This contributes to the presence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) that often accompanies a grueling workout. By expediting nutrient delivery to your musculoskeletal system, selective stretching helps to repair muscle tissue and accelerate the healing process.

How to overcome lactic acid

But what you really want to know is how you can avoid that burning pain when you are working out. And the answer is simple: work out more. While it might seem counterproductive to workout more, what you need to do is effectively ‘teach’ your muscles to handle lactic acid in a more effective way. However, you want to do this is a controlled fashion so that you’re not hurting each time you walk in the door.

Once lactic acid builds up, you simply cannot continue to train. Selective muscular stretching helps to neutralize the effects of lactic acid by restoring blood flow to your working muscles.

You can start to build up a resistance to lactic acid by working out at a medium intensity during your workouts. This means that you are working just hard enough to get your heart pumping fast and your lungs working a little harder.

You might measure this by how much you can talk as you are working out – which should be in incomplete sentences, though you can still talk. As you build up your muscular and aerobic capacity, your body will be able to handle higher levels of lactic acid and thus reduce the amount of pain that you might feel.

References and further info:

http://www.24hrfitness.co.uk/fitness%20tips/lactic-acid.html

http://dersalsites.com

http://www.thestretchinghandbook.com/archives/stretching-gym.php

http://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/article018.htm

Sunday, March 16, 2008

The Pros and Cons of Heavy Weight Lifting in Gym

Weight training improves the functioning of your immune system, lowers your resting heart rate and improves your balance and coordination. It puts stress on your bones and builds bone density. Research shows that it is associated with improvements in muscular strength and endurance and psychological well-being. It has been proven to have a positive affect on insulin resistance, resting metabolism, blood pressure, body fat and gastrointestinal transit time, factors that are linked to illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer.

Weight lifting is even more important as you get older. You will start losing your strength in 50s and even more so in your 60s and 70s. Weight lifting can make a difference in quality of life and you can increase the amount that you can lift and have strengthened your core significantly.

Weight training is a great way to get your whole body in shape. One of the advantages of using weights to work out is the way that you can strengthen your whole body. Another advantage of using weights to keep fit is when you are using these weights and your body is standing still. Your bones in your body are becoming active as they are trying to support you as you are doing the exercises. So you are in effect working out the entire body every time that you use weights to exercise.

Risks ?

But, it carries a certain risk. Injuries can happen if you neglect technique, ignore advice about warm-ups and cool-downs, or forget to use a spotter. The trick is to follow the rules and never work through pain. Before you start training, you should be checked by your doctor to make sure it's safe for you to lift weights. Start out slowly so that your body gets used to the increase in activity. Before you head for the weight bench, you should warm up your muscles. After finishing your workout, cool down by stretching all the major muscle groups to avoid injuries and keep your muscle flexible.

If you cannot keep complete control of your body when you are working out, then you are going to pull or even tare a muscle in your body. Also using heavy weights when you are not ready will always cause an injury to the part of your body that you are exercising. Always remember to start off small and then move on when you feel perfectly ready to do so.


After doing heavy weight lifting in gym for quite a few years, what happens if you stop it suddenly?

If you stop your workout then will loose muscle since your body will not need it anymore. Since you are loosing muscle and also not expending energy lifting the total calories your body burns each day to live will go down so if you keep eating the same amount you will gain fat. This is why you see a lot of pro football players and other athletes get fat when they quit because they don't work out like they used to but they still eat like they used to. Other than that nothing will happen.

So if you are planning to stop your workout then you should also reduce your food intake appropriately otherwise all those extra calories will be converted to fat. As long as you can control your eating habits there shouldn't be any problem in stopping your workout.
When you start your muscle workout again you will gain the muscle back very very quickly.


Overall weights are a good way to work out. Millions of people use weights to do a daily work out. After one or two weeks you can start to feel your body becoming more and more toned. You can also feel the muscles in your body start to bulge a bit more then before. However safety will be the major concern to remember when you are using your weights. You must remember to stretch all the muscles in your body before you attempt to exercise your body. You have to get your heart pumping and when you are done remember to warm down so that your body knows that the workout is over. Warming down will prevent trapping any Lactic Acid in your body.


Further information:
http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Andy_Eaton
Benefits Of Building Muscles, Toning Up
Weight Training - Advantages And Disadvantages
Dumbbells - Advantages and Disadvantages
News paper articles


Happy workout :-)

Thursday, March 06, 2008

setuid and setgid bits for executables

setuid and setgid are access rights flags that allow users to run executable file with the permissions of the executable's owner or group respectively...

When any user runs an executable file that has either of these bits set, then the system gives the user the identity of the owner (or group) of the executable.

If an executable has the setuid bit set then when any other user runs this executable the effective user ID of the process will be switched to the user who owns this file. If gid bit is set then the process will be executed under the group of the file.

In a similar way.. if sticky bit is set on a directory then files inside the directory can be renamed or removed only by the owner of the file, owner of the dir or the root..

chmod u+s executable - set the setuid bit.
chmod g+s executable - set the setgid bit.
chmod u+t directory - set the sticky bit or directories

Numerically...

chmod 4777 executable - setuid and read/write/execute for everyone.
chmod 2777 executable - setgid and read/write/execute for everyone.
chmod 1777 directory - set sticky bit and read/write/passthrough for a directory.

Further info:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setuid

Tuesday, February 26, 2008

SIGBUS error

The main cause of SIGBUS error is attempting to access a value larger than a byte at an unaligned address.

Look what wiki says about the bus error:
Most CPUs are byte-addressable, where each unique memory address refers to an 8-bit byte. Most CPUs can access individual bytes from each memory address, but they generally cannot access larger units (16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits and so on) without these units being "aligned" to a specific boundary, such as 16 bits (addresses 0, 2, 4 can be accessed, addresses from 1, 3, 5, are unaligned) or 32 bits (0, 4, 8, 12 are aligned, all addresses in-between are unaligned). Attempting to access a value larger than a byte at an unaligned address can cause a bus error.

Lets take an example...

struct example1
{
uint32 A;
uint32 B;
uint32 C;
char D;
BYTE E[32];
} EXAMPLE1;

Here, "E" is not aligned. If you move the "D" a the end, or if you add 3 spare bytes after it then problem will be gone.

Sunday, February 10, 2008

GMAT - Basic info to start with

Score Details

Maximum Score - 800.


CAT vs GMAT:

- As GMAT score is automated and determined by computer, you may have some tricks to crack the exam. Coaching centers will tell you about all those tricks.
- CAT covers: Quantitative Aptitude, Data Interpretation (also called as statistics) & Data Sufficiency, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Correction, Critical Reasoning and Verbal Ability
- GMAT covers: Quantitative Aptitude, Data Sufficiency, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Correction, AWA(Analytical Writing Assessment) where you need to write 2 essays
- Quant and Critical Reasoning are relatively easy in GMAT compared to CAT
- Sentence Correction is bit tough area in GMAT


Areas of GMAT:


Source: gmac.com

Critical Reasoning: reasoning skills involved in making and evaluating arguments, and formulating a plan of action.

Data Sufficiency: analyze a problem and determine if the information provided is relevant and sufficient to answer the problem.

The Verbal and Quantitative scores range from 0 to 60. The AWA score is an average of the score you get in : "Analysis of an Issue" and "Analysis of an Argument" essays. These average scores can range from 0 to 6 in half point intervals.

Fees:
Cost to take GMAT exam : $250
Additional Score Report (ASR) : $28 per report
Rescheduling : $50 if appointment is rescheduled at least seven full calendar days before the original appointment

Source:
http://www.gmac.com/gmac/thegmat/testtakersupport/pricesandfees.htm

Suggested Books:

  • The Official Guide for GMAT Review, 11th Edition (OG 11)
  • Kaplan GMAT - 2009 Edition - Premier Program (This book is for concepts and tricks)
  • Manhattan Gmat Prep - Sentence Correction GMAT Preparation Guide (This will improve your sentence correction skills amazingly)
  • The Official Guide for GMAT Quantitative Review
  • The Official Guide for GMAT Verbal Review
  • Arco GMAT - Answers to the REAL Essay Questions (This is for practicing AWA)
  • If you are targeting 700+ then: Kaplan GMAT 800. The word "800" is important to note on the book.


AWA Section - Official Pools of GMAT Essay Questions:

You can download the official pool of GMAT AWA 'issue topics' and 'argument topics' from the official GMAC website (www.mba.com).

Where exactly on www.mba.com ?
Go to the "Take the GMAT" area of the site -> Analytical Writing Assessment Section -> Current Analytical Writing Assessment Topics

If you have the OG-11 edition, they are in the back of the book. Each year, the test-makers change a small number of the essay topics.

Amazon seems to be selling books which have answer to these topics:

http://www.amazon.com/Gmat-Cat-Answers-Essay-Questions/dp/0028622847
http://www.amazon.com/Gmat-Cat-Answers-Real-Essay-Questions/dp/0028637356
http://www.amazon.ca/GMAT-CAT-Answers-Real-Essay/dp/0768911737

Preparation Criteria :
- Practice Enough.. Just go through the lots of material on the net..
- Read OG at the end as a practice test, just few days before the exam
- Plan your schedule to read 2hrs on weekday and 5hrs on weekend
- 2,3 months serious preparation would be enough
- Join isb-pgp yahoo group
- FAQs on ISB website



Practice Tests:
Be sure take to couple of computer based tests few weeks before your actual GMAT. You should practice enough so that you will be able sit for 4 hours with concentration on the D-Day.
  • Authorized GMATPrep software : Freely down loadable from www.mba.com. Take these two tests two days before your actual GMAT test. These tests will give you fairest approximation of your actual score on D-Day.
  • Kaplan Practice Tests : Come with "Kaplan GMAT 2008 Edition: Premier Program" book. Total 4 tests. These tests from Kaplan are very famous . Start giving these tests when you are around 2 weeks away from D-Day. If you can manage average score of 650 in these 4-tests, then you may anticipate 700+ in actual GMAT.
  • Try for free practice test online at: http://www.kaptest.com/practice
  • Princeton practice tests: Come with the Princeton book. Start giving these tests when you are around 2 weeks away from D-Day.



Websites for GMAT:
- Register for GMAT at : http://www.mba.com/mba/TaketheGMAT
- http://totalgadha.com/
- http://pagalguy.com/
- http://www.testmagic.com/
- Just search for GMAT preparation, you wil get lots of files to read from the sites like : www.esnips.com


not sure if these can be of any help :
http://outbeat-the-gmat.blogspot.com/
http://beatthegmat.blogspot.com/

BEWARE of

- http://www.scoretop.com/ which is banned by GMAC for distributing copyrighted material without GMAC’s permission.

- According to web, GMAC's case on Scoretop is on copyright violation of “JJs (MJJ - Math Jungle Juice and VJJ - Verbal Jungle Juice)” available for VIP members. GMAC’s investigation of the Scoretop website seemed reveal that some of the JJs contained real GMAT items.
Some unauthorized web sources also talks about copyright violation of 494 questions contained in 1000Scs, 1000CRs, 3000RCs and GMAT Sets. GMAT Sets seems to be a collection of 31 GMAT Tests in pdf format. GMAC seemed to followed Scoretop and removed the live questions found on the site from the GMAT question bank.

- Careful about the sites like http://www.esnips.com/_t_/gmat where you get lots of copyrighted material including MJJ, VJJ, GMAT Sets, etc when you search with the keyword "gmat".

Further info:
http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/blogs/mba_admissions/archives/2008/06/gmat_cheating_s_2.html
http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/blogs/mba_admissions/archives/2008/06/gmat_cheating_s.html
http://www.urch.com/forums/gmat/58253-what-sets-vjj-mjj.html


MBA Application - How should your profile look?

- More you try to make your profile unique then more chances of getting into ISB.
You have to be unique to get differentiated from others
- Prepare to give Very Solid Answer for questions like "Why MBA?", "Why now", "What do you bring to this university"?,

For ISB:
- Minimum score would be 690, needs to long work exp
- More work exp then less score will do.


GMAT Coaching centers in Pune:

IMS:
-----
Opp: F.C. College, FC Road
http://www.imsindia.com
Tel:+(91)-(20)- 6602 3604, 6602 3606
Class room coaching and Consultancy as well.

Dilip Oak
---------
Bhandarkar, FC Road
http://www.dilipoakacademy.com
Tel: (020) 2565 6237, 2567 8066
Class room coaching and Consultancy as well.

TIMES
-------
208, Adinath Shopping Centre,
Next to Adinath Society,
Near City Pride (Satara Road),
Pune - 411037
020- 64005996/30425344
GMAT (available only at Deccan): 020-66013410

Bulls Eye:
-----------
http://www.hitbullseye.com/
Corporate Office & Study Center
Vishwanath Apartments,
Manas Lane, Off BMCC Road, Pune
Ph:020-25678999, Email:bullseyepune@gmail.com

Career Forum:
----------------
http://www.careerforum.in/
Camp: Phone: 020-26059070. 30588683 / 684
427/428, Sohrab Hall, 4th Floor, Above The Crossword,
Sassoon Road, Behind Pune Railway Station,
PUNE - 411 001.

PT Education:
--------------
http://www.ptindia.com/
Address: 203, West Wing, Aurora Towers, M G Road, Camp, Pune - 01.
Telephone: 32308514
FC Road: 66032275, 25531005-06
Email:ptpune01@pteducation.com


Testing centres in Hyderabad and Mumbai:

Pearson Professional Centers-Hyderabad, India +91-40-66469825
202,ABK Olbee Plaza
Road No.1,Banjara Hills
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500034

Pearson Professional Centers-Mumbai, India +91-22-40056787
Building no.9,1st Floor
Solitaire Corporate Park,167 Andheri
J B Nagar Link Rd,Chakala, Andheri (East)
Mumbai, Maharashtra 400093


Surrender / Cancel of LIC policy ?

I was searching the web to find how worth is to cancel an existing LIC policy. But canceling a LIC policy seems to be major loss as discussed below in one of the forum.

We should never suggest surrendering an insurance plan as the surrender options always deduct the first year premium you've paid, and statutorily an insurance company need to only return 30% of your balance premiums paid plus all bonus accrued till that date, back to you, hence it would turn out to be a major loss as far as the investment you've done in that plan is concerned.
A more viable alternative is for you to check the rate of bonus that have been accrued into your insurance plan over the last 3-4 years and decide on whether you are satisfied with the returns. If not, always go for an option to make your policy "Paid Up".
When you make a policy paid up, it means you just ask the insurance company to reduce your existing life cover to a value corresponding to whatever premiums you have already paid. You will not be payin further premiums into that plan anymore, but your insurance cover will run the entire term of the plan, albeit at a lower sum assured, while at the same time freeing up your 15,000 bucks you have been investing every year, so that you can re invest that money into a more financially rewarding money instrument.

References:
http://www.xboard.us/showthread.php?t=144822&page=2

Auto keypad lock feature for Nokia N73

I just realized that my new nokia N73 mobile lacks auto lock feature. My previous nokia mobiles like 1100 and 6020 used to have this feature built in. I didn't get what made nokia to remove this feature from N Series mobiles like N70 and N73.
N73 has an option called Autolock in Security, but you required to key in a lock code every time to unlock it. This would better be called as "Phone Lock" rather than "Keypad Lock". Default lock code is "12345" for newer mobiles. You can also press left menu button followed by * to manually lock and unlock, but it would be convenient if you could set it to lock automatically (as you could on previous phones).

With bit of googling, I found a third party software "AutoLock v1.1 (.sisx)" which provides this feature. It is very simple to install and works fine. I downloaded it from : http://s60addons.com/autolock/

How to install ?
Nokia PC Suit -> Install Applications -> Select AutoLock v1.1 (.sisx)

You can change the settings related to this application by going to:
Applications -> Autolock

There is online Nokia support forum http://discussions.nokia.co.uk/ which seems to discussing all these issues.

Looks like, N73 also lacks the following features:

  • Repetitive alarm. It's a pain setting the alarm every night.
  • Screen Saver. My previous Nokia 6020 mobile used have a Screen Saver which used to display "Time and Date" which is needed very often for me ;)
  • It can't display "Date" in stand by mode if "cell info display" enabled, it just displays time !

Even if you turn on "cell info display" by going to (tools-settings-network), it may not always display this information because of following reason according to Nokia support :

When you use "MCN" technology or "cell info display", the phone needs to be in a 2G network or set in a 2G mode. MCN broadcasters only work in a 2G network environment. When the WCDMA or 3G networks were launched that feature became harder to use.

Your only solution would be to leave it on and only view it when in a GPRS/EDGE (2G) network, or turn off your 3G and view it consistently, this option would obviously slow down your browsing speed etc and would also prevent you from being able to make video calls, the upside would be that your battery life would be extended.

How to turn off 3G?

Go to menu, tools, settings, network, network mode.

Dual mode: phone switches seamlessly between 3G/2G networks as per the availability in your location.

UMTS: Phone only operates in 3G mode i.e. if you fall out of 3G coverage the phone will have no signal at all, not even from a 2G beacon.

GSM: Phone shuts down 3G completely and goes into a power saving 2G mode where signal will only be received in a 2G network environment. As all cell towers started on the technology for 2G, you should never lose signal, have increased battery life, be able to view MCN and arguably better call quality.

Source:
http://discussions.europe.nokia.com/discussions/board/message?board.id=smartphones&thread.id=71507

Saturday, February 02, 2008

Calcium

Calcium is an element critical to many body functions, including bone growth and maintenance, muscle and nerve control, blood clotting, teeth, and blood pressure regulation. Bone mass is built until age 29 years or so. After that, you cannot build more bone by increasing your calcium intake, but you can help prevent bone loss by maintaining a good intake of calcium and vitamin D and exercising regularly.

Good Sources of Calcium

  • Milk (low- or non-fat varieties are best if you are watching your fat intake)
  • Yogurt
  • Cheese
  • Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, broccoli, bok choy, collards and Chinese cabbage
  • Tofu
  • Canned salmon or any fish with bones
  • Calcium-fortified juices

Fiber

Fiber refers to carbohydrates that is indigestible because we do not have enzymes to digest it. Fruits and vegetables are rich in dietary fibre.

Importance of dietary fibre:

  • provides bulk to the intestinal contents
  • stimulates peristalsis (rhythmic muscular contractions passing along the digestive tract)

Lack of dietary fibre in the diet leads to constipation (failure to pass motions).

According to Harvard School of Public Health Nutrition Source, Source Of Fiber are :

Sources of Fiber

Soluble Fiber

Insoluble Fiber

oatmeal
oatbran
nuts and seeds

legumes

  • dried peas
  • beans
  • lentils

apples
pears
strawberries
blueberries

whole grains
(for more information on whole grains, click here)

  • whole wheat breads
  • barley
  • couscous
  • brown rice
  • bulgur

whole-grain breakfast cereals
wheat bran
seeds
carrots
cucumbers
zucchini
celery
tomatoes

Protein Supplements

The nutritional requirements of someone who trains with heavy weights for athletic gain are higher than that of the average person, so to meet these requirements its not always possible to get necessary amount of protein from regular foods alone. This is where protein supplements comes into picture.


Just Be Cautious !

It is not really what you could call a disadvantage, but according to protein reviews, too much intake of whey protein supplements could be very harmful for your liver because of whey protein overload that could cause to a lot of serious damages. Anyway, we all know that too much of everything is bad and even though whey protein supplements could be very beneficial for us, it is best that we take the right amount for our bodies and take advantage of them by burning the calories.

Each protein supplement has its own advantages/disadvantages.

Whey protein supplements
Whey is best know for its ability to assist in building muscle mass. Increased muscle mass also produces weight gain as muscle out weighs fat. Body builders work extremely hard at turning that additional weight gain into a ripped body. Whey protein is a by-product of the cheese manufacturing process. The clear liquid whey is drained off from the cheese and dried into a powder. On the biological value scale, whey is rated at 159 in isolate form and 104 in concentrate form. The next closest to this is egg whites (88). Because of this high bioavailability, whey protein is the supplement of choice for most bodybuilders and athletes.

The weight gained from whey protein supplements should be managed through a ridged workout schedule combined with a formatted protein diet. By following a regulated workout routine, the increased muscle mass can produce awesome results. You must stick with the exercise and workout routine to prevent the possible heavy weight gain from ending up in places you rather it not be.

Whey protein supplements are rich in Arginine and Lysine which are amino acids that help stimulate the growth hormones that are very beneficial for body builders to increase their muscle mass. And since the use of steroids were banned from body building competitions, this is one of the best natural alternative to anabolic steroids to increase their muscle mass.

Supplement is very low in fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrates which could very well be a major contribution when you are set to building more muscles and trying to lose some fat weight.

Because whey protein supplements can produce negative effects when not properly managed through a good diet and exercise program, it is advised to seek advice on your whey protein diet. Bodybuilding trainers and diet professionals can provide answers to whether or not a protein diet is right for you. Remember, most name brand manufacturers have websites. They normally reply to any email question concerning their products.

I have been using "Optimum Nutrition's Whey Protein (Gold Standard Double Rich Chocolate flavor)". I am seeing improvement in my muscle growth but I can not comment much as a new user to this.

For information on other protein supplements click here.

References:

Protein

Proteins are of great importance to anyone who is training with the intention of building muscle or increasing athletic performance. Lack of protein can cause growth failure, loss of muscle mass, decreased immunity, weakening of the heart and respiratory system, and death. Eating lots of protein takes lots of calcium. Some of this may be pulled from bone. Following a high-protein diet for a few weeks probably won't have much effect on bone strength. Doing it for a long time, though, could weaken bone. Long-term high-protein diets should be used with caution, if at all. Protein is present in many foods such as eggs, meat, poultry and fish in abundant amounts and these foods should be incorporated into any healthy diet. Soybeans, tofu, grains, legumes, and dairy products such as milk and cheese and other soy-based foods are an excellent alternative to red meat. Proteins can be converted into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis. It is possible that eating more protein, especially vegetable protein, may benefit the heart.

Protein and weight control: You could lose weight by cutting out carbohydrates and eating plenty of protein. High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets may work more quickly than low-fat diets.

According Harvard School of Public Health Nutrition Source,
Dietary Sources of Protein are :

FOOD
Serving
Weight in Gram
Protein grams
% Daily Value*
Hamburger, extra lean 6 ounces 170 48.6 97
Chicken, roasted 6 ounces 170 42.5 85
Fish 6 ounces 170 41.2 82
Tuna, water packed 6 ounces 170 40.1 80
Beefsteak, broiled 6 ounces 170 38.6 77
Cottage cheese 1 cup 225 28.1 56
Cheese pizza 2 slices 128 15.4 31
Yogurt, low fat 8 ounces 227 11.9 24
Tofu 1/2 cup 126 10.1 20
Lentils, cooked 1/2 cup 99 9 18
Skim milk 1 cup 245 8.4 17
Split peas, cooked 1/2 cup 98 8.1 16
Whole milk 1 cup 244 8 16
Lentil soup 1 cup 242 7.8 16
Kidney beans, cooked 1/2 cup 87 7.6 15
Cheddar cheese 1 ounce 28 7.1 14
Macaroni, cooked 1 cup 140 6.8 14
Soymilk 1 cup 245 6.7 13
Egg 1 large 50 6.3 13
Whole wheat bread 2 slices 56 5.4 11
White bread 2 slices 60 4.9 10
Rice, cooked 1 cup 158 4.3 9
Broccoli, cooked 5 inch piece 140 4.2 8
Baked potato 2x5 inches 156 3 6
Corn, cooked 1 ear 77 2.6 5